Alcohol
Hidden Costs: How Alcohol Shrinks Your Retirement Fund

Psychologist | Specialist Writer in Psychology & Behavioural Science
Jul 16, 2025
Alcohol consumption often feels like a manageable expense, but the hidden costs can quietly erode your retirement fund over time. Beyond the immediate price of drinks, alcohol-related healthcare expenses, lost productivity, and early retirement due to health issues chip away at your long-term financial security. Understanding these impacts is the first step to reclaiming control over your money and future.¹
In this article, we’ll break down the true cost of drinking from everyday spending to medical bills and productivity losses. Plus, we introduce a Sobriety Savings Calculator that projects how much you could save—and potentially grow—by cutting back or quitting drinking.
Key Takeaways
Alcohol-related costs extend far beyond the price of drinks, including increased healthcare expenses and productivity loss.
Retirees often face higher alcohol consumption, compounding financial risks, and healthcare burdens.
Early retirement linked to alcohol use drains retirement savings prematurely.
Medical costs related to alcohol addiction average thousands annually, significantly depleting financial reserves.
A sobriety savings calculator reveals potential investment growth from money saved by quitting or reducing alcohol consumption.
The True Cost of Drinking: Beyond the Price of a Drink
When considering the cost of drinking, most people think simply about the price of their beer, wine, or cocktails. However, the financial impact extends far beyond the bar tab. Alcohol exerts a heavy toll on your retirement fund by increasing medical expenses, reducing workplace productivity, and precipitating early retirement—all factors that erode your long-term financial security.
Healthcare Costs Driven by Alcohol Use
Alcohol-related health conditions are expensive to manage. Chronic drinking leads to diseases such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, which not only cause suffering but also generate steep medical bills. A study analyzing commercially insured and Medicaid populations found that individuals diagnosed with alcohol use disorders incurred an additional $4,823 to $14,918 per year in healthcare costs compared to non-drinkers.² These expenses often continue or increase with age, draining resources that could otherwise contribute to retirement savings.
Even moderate drinkers face higher risks. Research shows that end-of-treatment drinking levels correlate strongly with ongoing healthcare expenditures, emphasizing that partial reductions in alcohol use do not eliminate the financial burden.²
Lost Earnings from Reduced Productivity
Alcohol consumption also affects your earning potential. In Australia, high-risk drinkers were 4.74 to 6.61 times more likely to have alcohol-related workplace absences.³ Lost workdays not only reduce immediate income but also hinder career advancement and long-term salary growth. Decreased productivity before retirement translates into less money accumulated in savings and pension contributions.
Early Retirement: A Hidden Cost
There is a bidirectional relationship between alcohol use and retirement timing. Studies show that retirees often increase their alcohol consumption, but conversely, alcohol-related health problems can force individuals to retire earlier than planned.⁴ Early retirement reduces the number of years you can contribute to your retirement fund and increases the years you must rely on it, putting additional strain on your finances.
Summary Table:
Financial Impact | Description | Estimated Cost Range |
Healthcare Expenses | Additional annual medical costs due to alcohol | $4,800–$15,000¹ |
Workplace Absenteeism | Lost income due to alcohol-related absences | 4.74–6.61 times increased risk³ |
Early Retirement | Reduced working years and savings opportunities | Variable; significant lifetime impact⁴ |
Emergency Medical Costs | Unexpected hospital admissions and treatments | Average $3,700–$4,000 per year |
Treatment Costs vs Savings | $1 spent on treatment saves $4 in healthcare | Positive ROI for early intervention |
Why This Matters for Your Retirement Fund
Each dollar spent on alcohol-related healthcare or lost through absenteeism is one less dollar growing in your retirement portfolio. Over the decades, these seemingly small annual costs compound, drastically reducing the nest egg you worked so hard to build. Understanding these hidden costs empowers you to make informed choices about alcohol consumption and plan for a more secure retirement.
Lost Income and Productivity: How Drinking Diminishes Your Earnings
The cost of drinking extends beyond healthcare expenses, significantly affecting your earning potential and, by extension, your retirement savings. Alcohol’s impact on workplace productivity and absenteeism can create a cascade of financial consequences that accumulate over a career.
Alcohol-Related Absenteeism and Reduced Productivity
Studies have shown that risky and high-risk drinking behaviors dramatically increase the likelihood of workplace absences. Roche et al. found that risky drinkers were 4.74 times more likely, and high-risk drinkers 6.61 times more likely, to be absent due to alcohol-related reasons.⁵ This loss of workdays directly translates into lost wages, diminished performance evaluations, and missed opportunities for promotions and raises.
Moreover, presenteeism—where employees are physically present but mentally impaired—further reduces productivity. While harder to quantify, presenteeism is estimated to cost businesses more than absenteeism, silently eroding income and career progression over time.
Early Retirement and Alcohol Use
Alcohol use is also linked to earlier-than-planned retirement. Bacharach and Bamberger’s longitudinal research demonstrated that individuals retiring tend to increase alcohol consumption, but importantly, alcohol-related health complications can force premature retirement, cutting short your earning years and reducing contributions to retirement funds.³
Moore et al. observed that former problem drinkers showed slower declines in alcohol use but also faced health challenges that could affect their ability to sustain employment.⁴ Early retirement reduces your ability to save, increases dependency on fixed income, and often leads to financial insecurity during later years.
Lost Earnings Compound Over Time
The financial impact of lost income and productivity accumulates silently over decades. Even small decreases in annual earnings due to alcohol-related issues can compound, significantly shrinking the size of your retirement fund. When combined with rising healthcare costs and potential early retirement, this effect is amplified, creating a perfect storm that undermines financial stability in later life.
How Productivity Loss Translates to Retirement Fund Shrinkage
Factor | Impact on Earnings | Retirement Fund Consequences |
Increased Absenteeism | Lost wages from missed days | Reduced contributions to savings/pensions |
Presenteeism | Lower work quality and output | Slower career advancement and income growth |
Early Retirement | Fewer working years | Less accumulated retirement savings |
Career Disruptions | Interrupted employment | Loss of employer retirement benefits |
Understanding how alcohol use affects income and productivity is crucial for appreciating the broader financial consequences. By addressing drinking behaviors early, you can protect both your career trajectory and your retirement fund’s growth potential.
Alcohol-Related Healthcare Expenses: Breaking Down the Numbers
Healthcare costs represent the largest and most direct financial burden alcohol places on your retirement fund. The expenses linked to alcohol use are not just a matter of personal health—they have tangible, measurable effects on your long-term financial security.
Cost-Effectiveness of Alcohol Treatment
While alcohol-related healthcare costs are substantial, investing in treatment can be a powerful way to protect your retirement fund. Kelly et al. conducted a Cochrane review demonstrating that participation in Alcoholics Anonymous or similar 12-step programs leads to notable healthcare cost savings, outperforming other outpatient treatments. Holder et al. also found that every dollar spent on alcoholism treatment saved approximately four dollars in healthcare costs, highlighting treatment’s value in preventing costly complications.<sup>6</sup>
Early intervention not only improves health outcomes but also preserves financial resources that would otherwise be lost to prolonged medical care.
Elevated Medical Costs Among Alcohol Users
Research confirms that individuals with alcohol use disorders face significantly higher annual medical expenses. Sloan et al. found that commercially insured individuals with alcohol diagnoses spent an average of $14,918 more per year on healthcare, while those in Medicaid incurred an additional $4,823 annually compared to non-drinkers.² These increased costs arise mainly from treatment for chronic conditions exacerbated or caused by alcohol, including liver disease, heart problems, and stroke.
This additional financial strain grows heavier as you age. Older adults tend to require more medical care, and alcohol’s cumulative damage accelerates health deterioration, further inflating healthcare spending. For retirees living on fixed incomes, these unexpected medical bills can severely deplete retirement savings.<sup>7</sup>
Why Healthcare Costs Matter for Retirement Planning
Healthcare expenses linked to alcohol use represent ongoing drains on personal finances, often hidden until serious illness occurs. These costs reduce discretionary spending and can force retirees to draw down their savings prematurely, shortening the lifespan of their retirement fund.<sup>8</sup>
By recognizing the potential financial drain of alcohol-related healthcare, individuals can better weigh the benefits of reducing consumption or seeking treatment, not only for their health but for their financial future.
Emergency Department and Hospitalization Costs
Alcohol misuse also contributes to more frequent emergency department (ED) visits and hospital stays, which are notoriously expensive. A recent study showed that patients admitted with concurrent alcohol intoxication had one-year healthcare costs averaging $3,736, compared to $2,861 for non-intoxicated patients.⁹ Additionally, frequent ED users with alcohol problems incurred 32.5% higher healthcare costs per visit, adding up to significant yearly expenses.¹⁰
These emergency and acute care costs often arise unexpectedly, leaving retirees vulnerable to financial shocks. Without sufficient savings or insurance, such medical events can quickly erode retirement fund balances, forcing difficult financial decisions.
Treatment Cost-Effectiveness: Investing to Protect Your Retirement
While alcohol-related medical and productivity costs can dramatically shrink your retirement fund, evidence shows that investing in treatment is not only beneficial for health but also cost-effective financially. Early and effective intervention can reduce long-term expenses and preserve your financial stability.
The Economic Value of Alcohol Treatment Programs
A landmark study by Holder et al. found that every dollar spent on alcoholism treatment saved approximately four dollars in healthcare costs over time.<sup>6</sup> This return on investment stems from decreased hospitalizations, fewer emergency visits, and reduced complications related to alcohol use disorders.
Kelly et al.’s Cochrane review also supports this, highlighting that 12-step programs like Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) produce substantial cost savings compared to outpatient treatment and cognitive behavioral therapy. ¹¹ ¹² The social support and accountability these programs provide often lead to sustained sobriety, reducing costly relapses.
Reduced Healthcare Utilization After Treatment
Holder and colleagues observed that families with an alcoholic member incurred nearly double the healthcare costs compared to families without alcohol issues.¹³ However, treatment and recovery reduce these costs substantially by preventing repeated health crises. Furthermore, Muzyk et al. demonstrated that α2-agonists like dexmedetomidine can reduce the need for intensive care in alcohol withdrawal cases, offering a safer and more cost-effective alternative to traditional inpatient management.¹⁴
Furthermore, outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal has proven to be a cost-effective alternative to inpatient care. Muncie et al. demonstrated that careful outpatient protocols decrease hospital stays and associated expenses without compromising patient safety.¹⁵
Protecting Your Retirement Through Early Intervention
Investing in alcohol treatment early can prevent the cascade of health issues that drain retirement savings. By lowering the frequency and severity of alcohol-related health problems, treatment preserves not only your physical health but also your financial resources, enabling more stable retirement planning.
Summary: Cost-Effectiveness of Alcohol Treatment
Investment in Treatment | Financial Outcome |
$1 spent on treatment | Saves $4 in healthcare costs¹¹ |
Participation in 12-step programs | Leads to greater healthcare cost savings¹² |
Outpatient withdrawal management | Reduces hospitalization expenses¹⁵ |
Prevention of relapse | Protects retirement fund from expensive setbacks |
Emergency Medical Costs: The Unplanned Expenses That Drain Savings
One of the most financially destabilizing effects of alcohol consumption is the unexpected medical emergencies it can trigger. These acute events often result in costly hospital stays, emergency room visits, and extended treatments that rapidly deplete savings earmarked for retirement.
Increased Emergency Department Visits Due to Alcohol
Research consistently demonstrates that alcohol use significantly increases the likelihood of emergency department (ED) admissions. Johnson et al. reported that patients presenting with concurrent alcohol and opioid intoxication had a 26.9% admission rate, higher than the 19.4% admission rate for patients without intoxication.⁹ The associated healthcare costs for these patients averaged $3,736 per year, substantially higher than those without alcohol involvement.
García-Martínez et al.’s study in Spain reinforced this, finding that alcohol-related problems increased healthcare costs by 32.5% among frequent ED users, translating into a mean additional expense of approximately 72.61 euros .per visit.¹⁰ Such costs, when recurring or compounded by chronic conditions, impose a significant burden on retirement finances.
Hospitalization and Intensive Care Costs
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome and related complications often necessitate hospitalization and specialized treatment, both of which are expensive. Studies highlight that alcohol withdrawal treatment, especially when ICU care is involved, incurs substantial costs.<sup>6</sup>
Muzyk et al. demonstrated that using α2-agonists like dexmedetomidine can reduce ICU admissions by preventing respiratory depression, potentially lowering hospital expenses.¹⁴ Similarly, Nelson et al. found that phenobarbital treatment reduces hospital stay lengths by an average of 2.6 days, translating to notable cost savings.¹⁶
Hospitalizations, often unexpected, drain financial reserves quickly and jeopardize the stability of retirement funds.<sup>17</sup>
The Financial Ripple Effect of Emergency Care
Emergency medical costs do not just affect the individual but ripple outward, affecting family members and dependents who may need to contribute to care or cover lost income. McCann et al. illustrated how family members of individuals with severe mental health conditions, such as those co-occurring with alcohol use disorders, face increased financial strain, often reallocating shared retirement resources.¹⁸
Why Planning for Emergency Medical Costs Matters
The unpredictability and high expense of emergency medical care make it a critical consideration for retirement planning. Accounting for potential alcohol-related emergencies and their associated costs can help individuals build more resilient savings and insurance strategies, protecting their financial future from sudden shocks.
Societal and Family Financial Burdens of Alcohol
The cost of drinking extends beyond the individual, creating ripple effects that impact families and society, further threatening retirement security through indirect financial pressures.
The Societal Economic Burden of Alcohol
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that excessive alcohol use cost the United States approximately $249 billion in 2010, factoring in healthcare expenses, lost workplace productivity, and criminal justice costs.¹² More than half of alcohol-attributable deaths involved adults aged 35 to 64—prime working and pre-retirement years—indicating a direct impact on workforce participation and economic contribution.
Sacks et al. corroborate these findings, highlighting that lost productivity and healthcare costs form the largest components of alcohol’s economic burden nationally.¹³ These societal costs translate into increased taxes and insurance premiums, indirectly reducing disposable income and savings capacity for millions approaching retirement.
Family Financial Strain
Families of individuals with alcohol use disorders often bear significant financial burdens. McCann et al. explored the experiences of first-time caregivers and found that family members frequently absorb costs related to medical care, legal fees, and lost wages.¹⁸ This burden can divert funds intended for retirement savings, emergency funds, or education.
Moreover, financial strain can create stress that exacerbates family conflicts, sometimes leading to further financial instability or loss of income. The interplay of emotional and monetary stress underscores the pervasive impact that alcohol use disorders have on family economic health.
How Societal and Family Costs Affect Retirement Planning
These broader economic effects create an environment where retirement savings may be compromised not only by personal alcohol use but also by the financial repercussions borne by family members and the wider community. Awareness of these indirect costs reinforces the importance of addressing alcohol consumption proactively to safeguard long-term economic well-being.
Using the Sobriety Savings Calculator: Project Your Financial Gains
Understanding the hidden financial impact of alcohol on your retirement fund can be daunting. To make this tangible, the Sobriety Savings Calculator offers a personalized way to visualize how reducing or quitting drinking can translate into substantial long-term savings.
How the Calculator Works
The calculator factors in your current drinking habits, specifically:
Number of drinks per week
Average cost per drink
Expected investment return rate (including options for traditional stocks or emerging crypto scenarios)
By inputting these variables, you receive an estimate of how much money you can save over time by eliminating or reducing alcohol expenses and investing those funds wisely.
Why This Tool Outperforms Others
Unlike static models, the Sobriety Savings Calculator:
Allows customization with real-world drink costs and consumption levels
Incorporates various investment return scenarios (e.g., average stock market returns vs. crypto growth)
Demonstrates the power of compound interest over 10, 20, and 30 years
Provides clear visualizations that motivate behavioral change
This makes it a more engaging and practical resource than static calculators from organizations like the NIAAA, helping users see the concrete financial benefits of sobriety.
Example Calculation
Suppose you drink 10 alcoholic beverages per week at £4 per drink, totaling £40 weekly, or roughly £2,080 annually. By redirecting this money into a retirement fund with an average annual return of 7%, after 30 years, your savings could grow to over £183,000 — a compelling incentive to rethink drinking habits.
How to Use the Calculator for Retirement Planning
The calculator not only quantifies savings but also helps users:
Set realistic sobriety or moderation goals
Understand the financial impact of short-term vs. long-term changes
Plan for both health and wealth improvements
Share progress with supportive communities
By linking financial motivation with health goals, this tool uniquely supports sustained recovery and financial well-being.
Strategies to Reduce Alcohol Costs and Protect Your Retirement
Cutting back on alcohol or quitting altogether offers significant financial benefits, but achieving sustained change requires effective strategies. By reducing drinking-related expenses, you not only improve your health but also safeguard your retirement fund.
➢ Track Your Spending to Increase Awareness
Awareness is the first step toward change. Keeping a detailed record of how much you spend on alcohol can be eye-opening. Whether you use a simple notebook, smartphone app, or the Sobriety Savings Calculator, tracking reveals the true financial impact beyond what’s obvious.
➢ Set a Realistic Budget and Goals
Establish clear, achievable goals for alcohol spending reduction. This could mean limiting drinks per week or setting “dry days.” Use your savings calculator projections as motivation to stick with these goals, reminding yourself how these small daily choices compound into large retirement fund gains.
➢ Replace Drinking Rituals with Healthier Alternatives
Social or habitual drinking often fills emotional or routine needs. Substitute alcohol with enjoyable, budget-friendly alternatives like herbal teas, sparkling water, or engaging hobbies. This reduces spending and supports physical and mental well-being.
➢ Seek Social Support and Accountability
Sharing your goals with friends, family, or support groups enhances commitment. Platforms like SunflowerSober.com provide communities that reinforce positive change, helping you resist temptation and celebrate milestones.
➢ Invest Savings Wisely
Redirect the money saved from drinking into low-cost retirement accounts or investment vehicles. Maximize compound growth by investing consistently, even if starting with small amounts. Over time, this builds a powerful financial cushion.
Quick Tips to Protect Your Retirement Fund from Alcohol Costs
Monitor and log your alcohol purchases weekly.
Create a visual chart of your potential retirement savings.
Celebrate milestones with non-alcohol-related rewards.
Regularly revisit and adjust your budget as progress occurs.
Explore financial planning tools and advice for retirement investing.
Strategies to Reduce Alcohol Costs and Protect Your Retirement
Cutting back on alcohol or quitting altogether offers significant financial benefits, but achieving sustained change requires effective strategies. By reducing drinking-related expenses, you not only improve your health but also safeguard your retirement fund.
➢ Track Your Spending to Increase Awareness
Awareness is the first step toward change. Keeping a detailed record of how much you spend on alcohol can be eye-opening. Whether you use a simple notebook, smartphone app, or the Sobriety Savings Calculator, tracking reveals the actual financial impact beyond what’s obvious.
➢ Set a Realistic Budget and Goals
Establish clear, achievable goals for alcohol spending reduction. This could mean limiting drinks per week or setting “dry days.” Use your savings calculator projections as motivation to stick with these goals, reminding yourself how these small daily choices compound into significant retirement fund gains.
➢ Replace Drinking Rituals with Healthier Alternatives
Social or habitual drinking often fills emotional or routine needs. Substitute alcohol with enjoyable, budget-friendly alternatives like herbal teas, sparkling water, or engaging hobbies. This reduces spending and supports physical and mental well-being.
➢ Seek Social Support and Accountability
Sharing your goals with friends, family, or support groups enhances commitment. Platforms like SunflowerSober.com provide communities that reinforce positive change, helping you resist temptation and celebrate milestones.
➢ Invest Savings Wisely
Redirect the money saved from drinking into low-cost retirement accounts or investment vehicles. Maximize compound growth by investing consistently, even if starting with small amounts. Over time, this builds a powerful financial cushion.
Quick Tips to Protect Your Retirement Fund from Alcohol Costs
Monitor and log your alcohol purchases weekly.
Create a visual chart of your potential retirement savings.
Celebrate milestones with non-alcohol-related rewards.
Regularly revisit and adjust your budget as progress occurs.
Explore financial planning tools and advice for retirement investing.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. How much does alcohol cost over a lifetime?
Alcohol costs go beyond drink prices. When factoring in healthcare expenses, lost productivity, and early retirement, alcohol can reduce lifetime savings by tens or even hundreds of thousands of pounds.
2. Can reducing alcohol consumption improve my retirement savings?
Yes. Even moderate reductions can lower healthcare costs and increase workplace productivity, freeing up money to invest in your retirement fund.
3. What is the Sobriety Savings Calculator, and how does it help?
It’s an interactive tool that estimates how much money you save by cutting back on alcohol and investing those funds. It incorporates your drinking habits, drink costs, and expected investment returns to project long-term savings.
4. How do alcohol-related health costs impact retirement finances?
Chronic alcohol use raises medical bills significantly, especially for conditions like liver disease and heart problems, which accumulate over time and reduce retirement funds.
5. Is alcohol treatment cost-effective?
Absolutely. Research shows every dollar spent on treatment saves four dollars in healthcare costs, making early intervention a wise investment for health and finances.
6. How does alcohol affect work productivity and income?
Risky drinking increases workplace absences and reduces productivity, potentially lowering income and slowing career advancement, which can shrink retirement savings.
7. What are the practical steps to reduce alcohol costs?
Tracking spending, setting budgets, replacing drinking with healthy habits, seeking support, and investing savings wisely are proven strategies to protect your financial future.
Conclusion
The cost of drinking extends far beyond the immediate price of a drink. From escalating healthcare expenses and lost productivity to the risk of early retirement and emergency medical bills, alcohol consumption quietly but profoundly erodes your retirement fund. By understanding these hidden financial drains, you can make empowered decisions to protect your long-term financial security.
Investing in treatment and reducing alcohol intake not only benefits your health but also preserves your wealth, enabling a more comfortable and secure retirement. Tools like the Sobriety Savings Calculator bring this impact into sharp focus, translating abstinence into tangible financial gains.
Taking action today—whether by cutting back, seeking support, or investing wisely—can transform your financial future. Protect your retirement fund by recognizing the hidden costs of alcohol and embracing a healthier, wealthier path forward.
References
Rehm J, Gmel GE Sr, Gmel G, et al. The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update. Addiction. 2017;112(6):968–1001. doi:10.1111/add.13757
Sloan FA, Costanzo PR, Belsky D, et al. Alcohol-attributable medical costs in commercially insured and Medicaid populations. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2022;46(9):1234–1245. doi:10.1111/acer.14932
Bacharach SB, Bamberger PA. The relationship between retirement and alcohol consumption: longitudinal evidence from the Health and Retirement Study. J Occup Health Psychol. 2011;16(1):92–111. doi:10.1037/a0021722
Moore AA, Karno MP, Grella CE, et al. Retired status and older adults' 10-year drinking trajectories. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2010;18(3):201–211. doi:10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181c29453
Roche AM, Kostadinov V, Fischer JA, et al. Dose-response relationship between alcohol consumption and workplace absenteeism in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2023;42(5):1123–1132. doi:10.1111/dar.13632
Holder HD, Blose JO. Alcoholism treatment and total health care utilization and costs. JAMA. 1992;267(12):1456–1460. doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03480100074037
Mukamal, Kenneth J, et al. “Alcohol Consumption in Older Adults and Medicare Costs.” PubMed, vol. 27, no. 3, 1 Jan. 2006, pp. 49–61. Accessed 13 July 2025.
Aldridge, Arnie P., et al. “The Relationship between End-of-Treatment Alcohol Use and Subsequent Healthcare Costs: Do Heavy Drinking Days Predict Higher Healthcare Costs?” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, vol. 40, no. 5, 25 Apr. 2016, pp. 1122–1128, https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13054. Accessed 27 Apr. 2019.
Johnson ME, Fisher DG, Delaney B, et al. Concurrent alcohol and opioid intoxication in emergency department patients leads to greater resource utilization. Subst Use Misuse. 2024;59(2):245–253. doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2261824
Oliveras, Clara, et al. “Effects of Alcohol-Related Problems on the Costs of Frequent Emergency Department Use: An Economic Analysis of a Case–Control Study in Spain.” Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 12, 3 Dec. 2024, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1322327. Accessed 16 Apr. 2025.
Kelly JF, Humphreys K, Ferri M. Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs for alcohol use disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;3(3):CD012880. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Deaths and years of potential life lost from excessive alcohol use—United States, 2011–2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(30):981–987. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6930a1
Sacks JJ, Gonzales KR, Bouchery EE, et al. 2010 National and state costs of excessive alcohol consumption. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(5):e73–e79. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.031
Muzyk AJ, Fowler JA, Norwood DK, et al. Role of α2-agonists in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(5):649–657. doi:10.1345/aph.1P613
Muncie HL Jr, Yasinian Y, Oge' L. Outpatient management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 2013;88(9):589–595. Available from: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2013/1101/p589.html
Nelson AC, Kehoe J, Sankoff J, et al. Phenobarbital and alcohol withdrawal syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus. 2023;15(1):e33616. doi:10.7759/cureus.33616
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